This important reference offers readers a thorough understanding of the nature of the various conflicts that have erupted in the Middle East and North Africa following the Arab Spring. Clear, concise explanations of important concepts related to Islam, ideology, and ethnicity and the economic, social, and cultural forces propelling conflict and revolution in the region offer insight into key developments there. Biographical and organizational profiles combined with succinct overviews of each country provide a strong research foundation for students. Offers detailed descriptions of minority groups that have suffered violence from both the countries and the societies around them, sometimes generating refugee flows that engage neighboring states in security issues. Also discusses the role of women in the region during these turbulent times. Primary source documents and a chronology highlight political struggles to reach agreements and develop institutions to meet basic human needs.