Ten-year-old Arturo Velazquez was born and raised in a farm labor camp in Soledad, California. He was bright and gregarious, but he didn't speak English when he started first grade. When he entered third grade in 1968, the psychologist at Soledad Elementary School gave him an English-language IQ test. Based on the results, he was placed in a class for the Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR).
Arturo wasn't the only Spanish-speaking child in the room; all but one were from farmworker families. All were devastated by the stigma and lack of opportunity to learn. In 1969, attorneys at California Rural Legal Assistance (CRLA) discovered California public schools were misusing English-language, culturally biased IQ tests, by asking questions like Who wrote Romeo and Juliet?
to place Spanish-speaking students into EMR classes. Additionally, Mexican American children were not the only minorities impacted. While African American and Mexican American students made up 21.5% of the state population, they were 48% of special education programs! Written by two of the attorneys who led the charge against the unjust denial of an education to Mexican-American youth, this book recounts the history of both the CRLA and the class-action suit filed in 1970, Diana v. the State Board of Education, on behalf of 13,000 Hispanic kids already placed in EMR classes and another 100,000 at risk of being relegated to a virtual purgatory. From securing removal from EMR classes for the misplaced to ensuring revised, appropriate testing for students throughout the state, this engrossing book recounts the historic struggle-by lawyers, parents, psychologists and legislators-to guarantee all affected young people in California received equitable access to education.